My current research focuses on the nature of reasoning and the mechanisms through which our deliberative practices are subject to bias and manipulation. My work is driven by both theoretical and practical considerations. Theoretically, I develop an empirically informed account of reasoning, with a particular focus on the cognitive and epistemic roles of (i) inner speech, e.g., covert verbal thinking through internally asserting premises and lemmas, posing questions to oneself, etc., (ii) mental imagery, e.g., using visuospatial imagery to mentally simulate objects and  events to assist in planning and problem solving, and (iii) extramental technologies, e.g., utilizing diagrams, an abacus, etc., in calculation. Through a comparative analysis, I argue that extramental technologies can function epistemically just like our internal representational uses of language and imagery; on this basis, I show that our belief updating procedures can constitutively include extramental representations and operations. I utilize my account of representation and reasoning to provide new insights into philosophical debates concerning the nature of epistemic basing (i.e., what it is to believe something for a reason), internalist and externalist conceptions of justification, and, more broadly, theories of rationality. 

Practically, my research concerns how the widespread adoption of recent and emerging information technologies (e.g., social media platforms, AI, smartphones, etc.) can manipulatively influence our reasoning, especially in the moral and political domains. Philosophical discussions of manipulation primarily focus on interpersonal contexts in which there are individuated and identifiable manipulators and manipulees. My research aims to move beyond interpersonal accounts of manipulation to consider increasingly more structural forms of manipulation. Focusing on contemporary technological contexts, I argue that manipulation can arise from features inherent in the agent’s informational environment (i.e., structural manipulation) as well as from the agent’s own motivated behaviors in navigating these environments (i.e., self-manipulation). In each case, the agent interacts with or structures her environment in ways that will predictably bias her reasoning. 

published articles

"Semiotics in the Head: Thinking About and Thinking Through Symbols" Philosophy and Phenomenological Research (forthcoming)
​"What it Takes to Make a Word (Token)," Synthese (forthcoming)
"Thinking Through Talking to Yourself: Inner Speech as a Vehicle of Conscious Reasoning," Philosophical Psychology (forthcoming)
“Evidentialism and Occurrent Belief: You Aren’t Justified in Believing Everything Your Evidence Clearly Supports,”Erkenntnis (forthcoming)
“Why Are You Talking to Yourself? The Epistemic Role of Inner Speech in Reasoning,” Noûs (2021). https://doi.org/10.1111/nous.12385
“The Challenge of Heritability: Genetic Determinants of Beliefs and Their Implications,” Inquiry. 63.8 (2020): 831-874 
“Reasoning, Rational Requirements, and Representation,” Synthese (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-020-02575-6
“Rationality, Reasoning Well, and Extramental Props,” Res Philosophica. 96.2 (2019): 175-198 
“Words on Psycholinguistics,” The Journal of Philosophy. 113.12 (2016): 593-616 
“Testimonial Injustice and Prescriptive Credibility Deficits,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy. 46.6 (2016): 924-947

book chapters

“Unconscious Inference Theories of Cognitive Achievement,” with Kirk Ludwig, In Inference and Consciousness, edited by Timothy Chan and Anders Nes. Routledge. (forthcoming)